Groundwater plays a critical role in supporting food security, rural livelihoods and economic development for millions of resource-poor households in South Asia. In the Western Indo- Gangetic Plains (Northwest India and Pakistan) groundwater irrigation has underpinned rapid growth in agricultural productivity over recent decades. However, in the Eastern Indo- Gangetic Plains (Nepal and Eastern India – collectively the EIGP), many farmers continue to face significant barriers to groundwater access (Saha et al., 2016), resulting in lower crop yields, shorter growing seasons, and greater vulnerability to climate change than elsewhere in South Asia (Jain et al., 2017).